Character Analysis Elizabeth Bennet

Elizabeth Bennet Jane Austen's time period was a period that was full of change for society, but the main issue she really focused on writing about was women's social status, which was determined by whom she married. During this time period, a woman's ideal man was someone who was wealthy, able to take care of them, and provide her with security. There was no such thing as marrying for love; this is what made Austen’s females differentiate from other women. Austen made most of her main female roles have strong-independent natures and they stood for women's right to marry for love instead of status and wealth. Elizabeth Bennet is a perfect example of such a woman. Her unique characteristics make her one of the most well-known and loved heroines in literature. Although her mother and sisters act quite silly and dumb, excluding Jane, Elizabeth is quite intelligent. Elizabeth's intelligence is what makes her Mr. Bennet's favorite, but in equal, this makes Elizabeth’s her mother's least favorite. Mrs. Bennet ignores Elizabeth's intelligence and states that she is no better than the rest of her sisters. The reader is also shown that Elizabeth’s intelligence is displayed not only by her dialogue, but in her observation skills as well. She watches other's behaviors to decipher their personalities. It is obvious that she enjoys doing it because she states, â€Å"intricate characters are the most amusing† (chap. 9). There is no doubt that Elizabeth is the most independent woman in this story, considering that she rejected two proposals that surely would have made her future secure after her father's death. The first proposal was from Mr. Collins, and although he was rather ridiculous, the Bennets' estate was entitled to him next and marrying him would have saved all of them from being homeless. Despite knowing this, Elizabeth still refuses to marry him because she believes to only marry for love and it obvious that she does not love Mr. Collins. Such a feat shows the strength of her beliefs and character. Pride and Prejudice was originally going to be called First Impressions, although both titles represent the novel quite well. The main characters, Elizabeth and Darcy, are both guilty of giving the other sense-impressions. Elizabeth is guilty of prejudice and Darcy is guilty of pride. Although reader's usually focus on Darcy's pride, Elizabeth has to deal with pride just as much. Elizabeth's pride mainly consists of her rational thinking and belief that the decisions she makes are always wise. She is also takes pride in her ability to figure out others quickly and considers this to be her greatest trait. Although she is correct about most of the character's personalities like Mr. Collins and Lady Catherine de Bourgh, she is mistaken about Wickham’s and Darcy’s character.

Hamlet vs Agamemnon Tragedy Essay

Hamlet and Agamemnon are two extraordinary and timeless plays. Both plays deal with the big themes of love, loss, pride, the abuse of power and the fraught relationships between men and gods. Hamlet and Agamemnon, the protagonist of the plays that were named after them, are two tragic heroes that commit some terrible crime without realizing how foolish and arrogant they have been. Both protagonist are of higher status, and have power. However, Hamlet is more tragic than Agamemnon, for several reasons. Hamlet is a good, kind men. He is the Prince of Denmark and loved by the Danish people. Unfortunately for him, his beloved father, King Hamlet, dies. Hamlet loves his father very much, and he is deeply hurt when his dad passed away. He is even more shocked and hurt by the fact that his mother, Queen Gertrude, marries his uncle, Claudius, shortly after her husband died. Prince Hamlet sees and has a conversation with his father’s ghost. He learns that the King of Denmark was murdered by his brother, Claudius. Hamlet swears to avenge his father, and he starts to play mad so he can gather evidence and put his plan in motion. At first, he is not completely sure that the ghost was his father, and he tries to get confirmation by inviting King Claudius and Queen Gertrude to a play based on what the ghost had told him. After he is convinced that his father was murdered, he plans to kill Claudius. Hamlet is not very eager to kill his uncle, he is not happy about the situation, and he does not act fast. Agamemnon is completely different than Hamlet. He rapes Clytemnestra and murders her husband. King Agamemnon did not stop there. After he marries Clytemnestra, he sacrifices their youngest daughter, Iphigenia, to gain favourable winds to take the Greek fleet to Troy. King Agamemnon seems to be more like King Claudius. Both of them killed the rightful King, took his wife, and killed or planned to kill the Queen’s child. Agamemnon kills his daughter, Claudius plots to kill Hamlet at least twice. Agamemnon is popular, and appreciated for his battles skills and victories. He doesn’t seem to care much about other persons and values, other than his power, battles victories, and the public’s adoration. Hamlet killes Polonius when he was talking with his mother after the play. Polonius was hiding, and ears dropping for the King. When Gertrude thought that Hamlet wants to attack her, she yelled for help, and Polonius  responded, calling for help from behind the arras. In an unusual moment of spontaneous action, Hamlet stabs the concealed figure, believing it to be Claudius. The death of Polonius cased great suffering to Ophelia, his daughter. She gets a little bit mad, singing nonsense about death and sex, and ends up drowning herself. Laertes, Polonius’s son, wants justice for his father, and becomes another potential revenge hero, but unlike Hamlet, he is more determined. He doesn’t care about the spiritual part of death like Hamlet. King Claudius adds fuel to the fire, and convinced Laertes to kill Hamlet in a duel. Laertes tells Claudius that he will poisoned the tip of the blade, to kill Hamlet. Claudius promised to poison the wine in case Laertes fails to scratch Hamlet with his sword. Hamlet is not aware of this plot, and accepts Claudius’s offer to fight Laertes. During the fight, there is a switch of rapiers, resulting in both Hamlet and Laertes being stabbed with the poisoned blade. Gertrude, meanwhile, mistakenly drinks the poisoned wine. She dies and Hamlet demands that they seek out the treachery that killed her. Laertes, realizing that he and Hamlet are both dying, explains everything and blames Claudius. Hamlet kills Claudius with the poisoned sword, finally fulfilling his quest for revenge. Laertes begs Hamlet to exchange forgiveness with him and dies. Hamlet forgives Laertes. Horatio wants to drink from the poisoned wine, so he can die with Hamlet, but he is stopped by the Prince. Hamlet tells Horatio that he must live in this horrible world so he can tell Hamlet’s story. Lord Hamlet announces that Fortinbras, Prince of Norway, will be the next king of Denmark and dies. Despite the fact that in the end, Prince Hamlet, Laertes, King Claudius, Queen Gertrude, and Ophilia died, the order in the kingdom is restored. Clytemnestra is the one seeking revenge in Agamemnon. During Agamemnon’s ten year absence, Clytemnestra and her lover, Aegistheus, planned to murder Agamemnon on his return. Clytemnestra wants revenge for her daughter, Iphegenia. When Agamemnon comes back, he brings with him, as concubine and slave, the ravished Trojan Princess, Cassandra. Cassandra has the gift of prophecy, but nobody believes her, thanks to Apollo’s curse. She sees the Clytemnestra plans to kill both Agamemnon and Cassandra, but the Chorus do not believe her . Princess Cassandra prays for a quick death, a wish that would be granted. Agamemnon commits hubris. He agrees to walk on the ‘red carpet’ that has been rolled out for him by his wife, even though he  mentions it is treatment meant only for the gods. Clytemnestra preparing her husband for a bath, put on him a bath-robe she had cunningly sewn to be a strait jacket. Wearing this, Agamemnon was completely helpless. His wife butchered and buried him without honours. She does the same to Cassandra. In Hamlet, King Claudius dies, King Hamlet finds peace, and Denmark gets rid of a bad king. Hamlet is buried like a soldier, having a military funeral. In a way, in Hamlet, Laertes commits hubris as well. He dares damnation and he mentions he would kill his father’s murderer in a church. Since both Laertes and Agamemnon commit hubris, both of them die shortly after, which is the element of nemesis in tragedy. Hamartia element, a tragic error, can be seen in Agamemnon when Agamemnon enters the house with Cassandra, trusting that Clytemnestra (his wife) is in fact happy to see him. Similarly in Hamlet, Hamlet agrees to duel with Laertes, not knowing that he is going to die by Laertes hand. Hamlet was a kind and honorable person. While he wanted revenge for his father, in a way he was right to do so. He did not wanted and enjoyed the idea of killing Claudius, but he pulled himself together at the last minute, right before he died. King Claudius was guilty of murdering a King, stealing a Kingdom, a Queen, and planning the murder of Prince Hamlet. Hamlet played for his revenge with his life. Since he was buried as a soldier, and the order was restored in Denmark, the Danish people did not hate him for his sins. Also, in Hamlet, we have more death on stage. Innocent people died, like Ophelia and Polonius. Agamemnon is completely different. He raped, he killed in cold blood, he sacrificed his own daughter to win a war, and he committed hubris, and took hostage the Princess of Troy. His wife, while she might be right in a way to avenge her daughter, she was looking forward to the task of killing Agamemnon and she also killed Cassandra, even thou she was innocent. Clytemnestra and he lover, wanted to be in power and had no remorse. Hamlet is more tragic than Agamemnon, because of the innocence and remorse the major characters showed.

Health communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health communication - Essay Example However, this happens only when the interaction between people who are healthy and people who are not healthy is positive, productive and mature. Communication is the only means through which the health problems can be solved with positive results. Our ideas of health care are influenced by our upbringing, grandma remedies, advertisers and media programs ( Athena du Pre, 2004, p3) . Every person is different in different ways. The cultural background and behavior pattern matters a lot in any communication. So the way you communicate with one person cannot work with the other person as he is not the same. Communication pattern changes and depends on all the parties involved in communication. (Athena du Pre, 2004, p4). Health is not just the physical aspect of our body. It means having a harmonious and peaceful balance of work, mind, relationships and life. Hence communication becomes a vital part of any health related treatment. Lena is girl who has come from the ethnic background Southeast Asia. She has been raised according to the cultural traditions of her native land even after staying in the United States for approximately ten years. One day, after Lena suddenly fainted in class, she was taken to hospital by her best friend Susie. Lena was upset to find herself in the emergency room with her best friend Susie sitting by her side. She yelled at Susie for bringing her there, exclaiming, â€Å"I’m not weak! I can get better on my own! You know this, Susie!† As she began to get out of bed, Susie notified a medical assistant, who came in and restrained Lena, saying, â€Å"Listen girl, I don’t have time to deal with this today! You need to stay here, you are sick!† Immediately after, the doctor

THE ART OF THE ISLAMIC BOOK, 12501600-- Article Review Essay

THE ART OF THE ISLAMIC BOOK, 12501600-- Article Review - Essay Example Roxburgh stressed that â€Å"what Lentz and Lowry’s study could not do, on account of various constraints, was pursue a micrology process, but what was neither their stated brief nor their aim†¦ One of the general observations that they do offer about features of drawings is that in the hundreds of drawings contained in the Baysunghur album in particular, we see the progression toward a visual typology.† ( 47) In light of these, the author distinguished his work as based on a visual analysis of hundreds of drawings and what can be deduced from it. However, he stressed that they were not supported by current scientific imaging techniques because, as stated, non-destructive testing methods are so rudimentary and that non-invasive methods of physical analysis are also not readily available. Roxburgh’s argument is that much can be accomplished outside the laboratory using the eye alone. In the course of the author’s analysis of the Persian drawings, he focused on three salient factors: the materials and methods used by artists in the process of design, the draftsman’s repertoire of mark making, and the methods employed by artists in the production of compositions for manuscript paintings. Roxburgh’s findings give us interesting insights. To start with, according to him, despite evidence that drawings were regarded as a fragile and dispensable detritus, as a processual compost, the mountain of evidence preserved in albums is powerful proof that drawings had a creative currency and at some point came to be valued for their own sake. (44) He also stressed that the conceptual and practical links between writing and drawing must have been palpable even if a written statement to that effect would not be expressed until the early years of sixteenth century. Roxburgh noted that the absence of a corpus of drawings that can be linked directly to a finished object, a fact that precludes

Is Enforcement the Critical Weakness in International Law Essay

Is Enforcement the Critical Weakness in International Law - Essay Example Researches on the applicability of international laws reveal that the violation of international laws by states are more frequent than the violation of national law a trend largely attributable to the existing operational frameworks for the respective laws. Such validate the claim that enforcement is s the critical weakness in the application of international laws. Nations form treaties in order to safeguard their specific interests. In doing this they create institutions that oversee the applicability of the treaties and laws that govern the application of such treaties. Among the numerous international bodies that oversee the application of different international treaties, include the international court of justice and the international criminal court both of which are creations of the United Nations. The operations of the two courts have exhibited lack of resources and manipulation by members-states thus crippling their operations and sovereignty1. Membership in such internationa l treaties as the United Nations is always voluntary a feature that makes the compliance with the laws equally voluntary. Additionally, the United Nations has no definite framework that enforces the legislations. The application of the laws is therefore voluntary and subject to the existing relations between nations. National laws maintain a national jurisdiction; they safeguard the interests of the population and are therefore outlined in the constitutions. Besides the laws, governments have various police departments and effective infrastructure capable of implementing the laws. A country like the United States has several police departments and several other federal institutions that investigate and apprehend violators of the national laws. Coupled with the various police departments is an efficient judiciary that works in close relation with the numerous correctional facilities. This implies that the enforcement and the implementation of national are efficient owing to the exist ence of effective institutions created by the national constitutions. The national governments thus have an inclusive supervision and the implementation of national laws through effective enforcement through the various state officers who work to maintain law and order in the societies. The situation differs in the application of international laws, as explained international laws are reliant on the treaties that govern the relationship among nations. Such international bodies as the United Nations and the European Union have no enforcement frameworks capable of ensuring compliance o the international laws. Compliance to the laws is voluntary and reliant on the existing national laws. The United Nations for example has effective and elaborate laws that seek to safeguard the citizens of different nations from exploitation and dictatorship in the modern society. The international criminal court therefore investigates and tries offenders of international interests. The court and the Un ited Nations Security Council both have clear definitions of crimes against humanity and war crimes. The bodies thus try perpetrators of such crimes a move that seeks to protect civilians from exploitative leadership. Despite the existence of such elaborate laws, the international body exhibits inefficiency and lack of capacity in the implementation of the laws. The international bodies do not have police officers and investigators with the authority to arrest the criminals thus availing them for trial. Instead, the

Academic Honesty Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Academic Honesty - Assignment Example Other academic misconduct includes tampering with the already filed educational reports or data (Ariely 33). God discriminates dishonesty. Moses discourages people from having different weights in the same bag namely a considerable weight and a small one. In the book of Proverbs, the Lord abominates a false balance and is proud of right weight (New International Version, Deut, 25:13). The Bible discourages people from lying. Proverbs 21:6 states that when one acquires treasures by a lying tongue, is like a fleeting vapor. This is a pursuit of death. Being successful through dishonesty is also condemned. Anyone building a house not in righteousness using his neighbors without paying them, shall be punished (New International Version, Jeremiah 22:13). God expects us to be honest. The Bibles talks of people deserving honesty from the heart. One is to utter truthfully and sincerely. This is the wisdom that everyone is supposed to ask from God (New International Version, Psalms 51:6). The Bible teaches us that being dishonest by telling lies about someone is so harmful. Biblically, it compares to hitting someone with an ax, or wounding the person with a sword or even shooting him/her with a sharp arrow. In business dealing, God does not approve of dishonesty. The Load is unpleased with dishonest scales and differing weights (New International Version, Prov 20:23) The Bible encourages honesty at all times. I Thessalonians 2:3 tells us that the preachers were preaching not by telling lies or falls motives but were very sincere and straight forward. II Corinthians 8:21 also talks about the fact that they were taking pain in doing right in both the eyes of God and man (New International Version, II Cor 8:21). God involves honesty in two of the commandments. These are on the commandment that prohibits us from stealing and the one that tells us not to give testimonies, which are not true against our neighbors (New International Version, Exodus

Leader profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leader profile - Essay Example At the age of 16, he moved to Detroit to pursue his passion of building machineries (Ford & Crowther, 1922). After a lot of hurdled and failures, he was finally able to start up with Ford motors. Henry Ford’s vision was to bring about a car which was so cheap that everyone could afford to drive it and was also very easily and cost effectively repaired and fixed (Ford & Crowther, 1922). He translated his vision into his T car model which proved to be a great success. Today Ford Motors is a well-known brand with having stakes in other very famous brands as well, like Mazda and Aston Martin. Its headquarters are located in Michigan. Ford is ranked the second-largest automaker being US based and attains a fifth position globally for being the largest auto maker in Europe. Ford Motor Company has taken a lot of environmental initiatives in order to pursue their corporate social responsibility (Sorenson & Williamson, 1957). They have manufactured and made compressed natural gas vehic les, ethanol (flexible fuel) vehicles as well as electric and hybrid electronic vehicles. The position which Ford Motor Company enjoys luxuriously is only because of the vision of one man, Mr. Henry Ford. As a leader, he gave importance to giving value to workers along with maintaining a high level of self belief in them (Sorenson & Williamson, 1957). He always ensured to pay his workers high, which is why he was able to attract all the talent from all over the world towards is company (Sorenson & Williamson, 1957). Henry Ford understood that the only way to enhance the true potential in us is to understand the importance of work. He observed that work is an indispensable part of us as human beings and our achievement as individuals will come only as a result of us using our true working potential (Sorenson & Williamson, 1957). This is the main reason why he never thought of requiring, as for him life was work and work was life. The leadership style of Henry Ford was that of a trans formational leader. It is said so because he was able to articulate his vision with the action plans of his subordinates. Not only this makes him a transformational leader, he was also always very proactive then reactive (Sward, 1948). He was undoubtedly a charismatic leader which is completely shown by his desire to make a car which was affordable for each and everyone (Sward, 1948). The basic four traits which form the basis of a transformational leadership style are to be able to influence credibility, to inspire subordinates towards motivation, to address people with intellectual stimulation and lastly to have individualized consideration. Henry Ford had perfectly and completely mastered these four traits (Sward, 1948). Ford was always very motivation towards his workers and believed that people when happy and satisfied can be much more productive than people who are not happy an =d satisfied. He used to pay double wages than that of the market along with other rewards, incentiv es and bonuses (Sward, 1948). He also reduced the working hours a day for his workers so that they remain mentally and physically fresh. All this added to make Fords dream into a reality and the

Organizational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Organizational Behaviour - Essay Example Practitioners are fast recognizing the benefits that could be reaped in by concentrating on fundamentals of employee engagement. In the meanwhile, challenges that are anticipated to be confronted in this journey make the topic of employee engagement interesting and worth analyzing. Meaning of employee engagement Engagement in layman terms means attached or associated with. Translating it to employee perspective, employee engagement refers to situation where employees are both physically and mentally linked to their jobs (Pati and Kumar 2010, 126). Engagement in job is measured in terms of motivation level, creativity, volunteerism, enthusiasm, absenteeism, customer satisfaction, retention and inspiration (Centaur Communication 2007, 40). Unlike unengaged employees, engaged employees are dedicated to their work and put in their best efforts into the tasks because they love their job. They feel happy and satisfied of their activities, accomplishments and efforts and are always striving to better their performance. An important component in employee engagement is the emotional connection between the employee and the work. In employee engagement, employees always feel attracted towards their work. Success delights them while failure encourages them. Not only time, employee engagement is characterized by heart and mind involvement by employees (Seijts and Crim 2006, 3). Managerial benefits associated with employee engagement The reason employee engagement is being emphasized upon by business and managerial community so aggressively lies in multifarious advantages accrued by this single ideology. Though employee engagement is a concept pointed towards individual behavioral patterns, implications of changes in this individual pattern get explicitly reflected in terms of organizational performance, profitability and productivity. Typically, employees are made aware of their job duties, roles and responsibilities the time they are inducted in the organization. However, clarity of function is one aspect achieved by engagement of employee in his/her work which implies ‘above and beyond’ involvement of employees in their black and white job roles. Nowadays, business and markets are marked by fast paced technology, cut throat competition and urge to be innovative in product and service offerings. In this light, the onus of transforming inputs into outputs with limited tangibles rest on employees. Cost effectiveness and efficiency matter the most now where making optimum use of productivity from employees forms the cornerstone to success. In this light, unanticipated and dynamic business environment pose multiple challenges in front of employees to cope up with decision making, maintaining commitment and motivation levels and be clear of the changing and broadened roles and responsibilities. Employee engagement serves as a tool which infuses interest, understanding and consistency in employee functioning which facilitates aligning individu al goals with that of the corporate objectives (Masson et al. 2008, 56). Optimism is a direct benefit derived from employee engagement which refers to maintaining a positive mind set and feeling good about the processes and outcomes of unforeseen events. Optimism as a psychological term is very crucial for an individual, group or organization. Individually, optimism

How Schools and Services Support and Protect Children and Families Essay

How Schools and Services Support and Protect Children and Families - Essay Example The epidemic proportions of the incidents of child abuse and neglect are very alarming and call for instant action on the part of government, schools and private institutions. As the rate and the extent of these problems increase, there is also a need for a more unified response on the part of the school, government and other social service providers. The social services along with schools can aid in providing the necessary guidance, support, and direction to the children and their parents. The primary functions of the schools to soundly educate are the best protection a child can get. However, in today’s world, the social and physical problems of the children have grown so large and complex that it is rather foolish to focus on just the academic needs of the children. The problem of physical violence and crime is becoming a commonplace issue in schools. The U.S. Department of Justice estimates that the number of robbery or violent crime incidents on or near school grounds is 3 million per school year (Hatkoff 1994). The fact that an increasing number of children are fearful and cautious about taking a trip to and from school and tend to avoid particular places at school out of fear of an attack. The issue of violence and assault in schools is extremely complex and the concern over its consequences is increasing as it has long-lasting physical and emotional consequences. The government authorities are realizing this and initiating program and directing funds to local school districts for the purpose of making schools safer. There are many programs which are being initiated at schools to help students recognize that bullying is wrong and a cowardly act by people with low self esteem. Children who are known to be affected by domestic abuse or substance misuse are supported effectively at schools. The value of this service is unparalleled as it manages the children’s behavior and supports their development. A study issued by The Department of Education reflects the role of the school in helping the student to build healthy relationships inside and outside the school. The study recommends involving the parents and community to collaborate and aid in building disciplined, safe and healthy relationship of the students with the outside world (U.S. Department of Education, 1993). The teacher having influence and authority over the students can be helpful in creating a safe environment, free of any kind of physical abuse or violence.Teens, Crime and the Community (TCC) is one interactive program that incorporates the students in execution at all the stages of the program. It is launched by the National Crime Prevention Council and it has an aim to educate young people about crime, delinquency and involves them in projects which help them to make their schools and communities safer (National Crime Prevention Council, 1993). This program has been successfully implemented in more than 500 US sch ools in 40 states, involving more than 400,000 youths.

Chinas Environmental Issues Essay Example for Free

Chinas Environmental Issues Essay China has many environmental issues, severely affecting its biophysical environment as well as human health. Rapid industrialization as well as lax environmental oversight have contributed to the problems. The Chinese government has acknowledged the problems and made various responses, resulting in some improvements, but the responses have been criticized as inadequate. As of 2012 there is increased citizen activism regarding government decisions which are perceived as being environmentally damaging. (Wikipedia) As China’s economic growth continues to blossom in 2007, with the countries GDP hitting 11. 4%, alongside China gets hit by an environmental crisis. Sixteen of the worlds twenty most polluted cities are in China. Experts say the Chinese government has made serious efforts to clean up and achieved many of the bid commitments. Beijing’s pledge to host a Green Olympics in the summer of 2008 signaled the countrys willingness to address its environmental problems for example. However, an environmentally sustainable growth rate remains a serious challenge for the country. (http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-environmental-crisis/p12608) China’s major environmental issues: * Water- China suffers from water shortage and water pollution. About one-third of Chinas population lacks access to clean drinking water. s part of its effort to harness the nations water supply, China has a large dam-building program with over twenty-five thousand dams nationwide–more than any other nation. The dam projects are not only a high cost in terms of money, but also in farmland loss, ecological damage, and forced migration of millions of people, says the Woodrow Wilson Centers Jennifer L. Turner, director of its China Environment Forum, in a report for the Jamestown Foundation. * Land- Desertification in China leads to the loss of about 5,800 square miles of grasslands every year, an area roughly the size of Connecticut. The Worldwatch Institute, an environmental watchdog and research organization, reports that excessive farm cultivation, particularly overgrazing, is one of the leading causes of desertification. As the deforestation grows, so do the number of sandstorms; a hundred were expected between 2000 and 2009. Desertification also contributes to Chinas air pollution problems, with increasing dust causing a third of Chinas air pollution. * Greenhouse gases- In 2008, China surpassed the United States as the largest global emitter of greenhouse gases by volume. (Not per capita however) The increase in Chinas emissions is primarily due to the countrys reliance on coal, which accounts for over two-thirds of its energy consumption, contributing to sulfur dioxide emissions causing acid rain.

Genealogy, History, and Mythology in Olympian 9

Genealogy, History, and Mythology in Olympian 9 From Polis to Oikos At the end of Olympian 9, the ode for Epharmostos, the champion wrestler from Opountian Lokris, Pindar declares phya, his idiosyncratic rendering of physis  (altogether best: Ol. 9.100);[1] he says that the heralds proclamation ought to record that his victor was born (with quick hands, nimble legs, determination in his look), all the natural and inherited endowments necessary for athletic success (Ol. 9.108ff).[2] Despite his emphasis on Epharmostos birth (with divine help he was born), Pindar, unusually, names neither the father of the victor nor acknowledges any family whatsoever. In a genre as concerned with family and identity as epinikian, the omission is striking and potentially troublesome for the rhetoric of epinikian praise. Miller remarks that such an omission would almost certainly only occur at the instruction of the client himself, and thus we should conclude that Epharmostos did not regard family or fathers name as essential to his self-definition.[3] Pindars encomiu m still functions, but the absence of family disturbs many of the regular features of epinikian, especially the standard integration of phya and family.[4] Family, via the fathers name, was an element of the heralds proclamation or angelia and would have been announced after Epharmostos victory.[5] While Pindars epinikian evokes the angelia, it freely includes, excludes, or modifies elements of the proclamation.[6] The modification, or omission, of a component of the angelia therefore serves as an opening for my analysis of the ode: rather than focus on the question of why Pindar did not include the fathers name, this article explains how Pindaric praise, particularly the praise of inherited ability, still functions in an ode that omits a key component of epinikian poetics. Pindar, despite the ostensible absence of family in this ode, nonetheless praises phya through ethnos and polis and with a colonial narrative of early Lokrian and Opountian history. While the focus on the conjunction of the victor with ethnos and polis is certainly not without parallel, Ol. 9 is singular in its emphasis on the correlation of biography and history. The Archaic and early Classical assimilation of genealogy to ethnic and civic history joins such seemingly disparate concepts as inheritance, family lineage, and genealogy with ethnic descent and civic foundation. The polis, one component of the angelia, can replace family, another component, because of the conceiving of ethnic and civic identity as essentially genealogical. In her study of the economy of praise in epinikian, Kurke concludes that the family is crucial not only to the celebration of athletic success but to success itself (1991, 3; cf. Cole 1987, 560). She suggests that the family connection is important enough that we should recognize Pindars (and his victors) different concept of self-identity, which was integrated, to a great degree, with family.[7] In this conceiving of self-identity, personal athletic victory can be understood as a renewal of the family, especially through the metaphors of new birth, marriage, and rites for dead ancestors.[8] Thus, the exclusion of family from Epharmostos ode is unexpected: his victory, while it may have brought fame to his living relatives, is not represented as renewing or reviving the fame of his oikos, since the oikos is absent from the ode; his Olympic victory cannot participate in the common epinikian analogizing of athletic victory to family renewal, since there is no literal family in the poem . This omission is highly unusual in epinikian, which, as Carey points out, memorializes through naming.[9] In only a few odes does Pindar not mention family members: Ol. 1, Ol. 4, Ol. 9, Pyth. 3, Pyth. 12, and Isthm. 3. In a number of these, the paternal and familial absence may be able to be rationalized: the victor is either a ruler or politically or socially prominent and thus the ode focuses attention on them, or at any rate participates in a rather complex political context (Ol. 1 for Hieron; Pyth. 3 for Hieron);[10] in another two cases the fathers name appears in an earlier ode for the same victor, and thus perhaps familial self-identity had been fulfilled   (Hierons fathers name appears in another ode as well: Pyth. 1.79; Ol. 4 for Psaumis of Kamarina, whose father Akron is named at Ol. 5.8, and his sons at 5.23; Isthm. 3 for Melissos of Thebes, whose father is named at Isthm. 4.45). Pythian 12 and Olympian 9 stand out, since they lack any explicit reference to the father, clan, or family of the victor. Pyth. 12 praises the victory of Midas of Akragas in the aulos competition at the Pythian Games; significantly, it is the only extant ode to praise a victor in a musical contest. While Strauss-Clay suggests that the absence of Midas father and family is explained by his professional standing as an aulos player, Maria Pavlou offers a convincing and subtle explanation that situates the absence of family in the context of Akragrantine politics.[11] She suggests that Midas victory is an agalma for the city, since Akragas itself receives an extended encomium (Pyth. 12.1-5), and she argues that Midas victory ode was commissioned by the then-ascendant Emmenidae (perhaps Theron himself), in order to stress their power, and to relate them to a celebration of Akragantine culture. Thus Pythian 12 does not offer evidence that lower-status athletes (if, indeed, Midas was lower- status) would not celebrate their fathers, but rather indicates the potential utility of an epinikian victory to the political program of an aspiring tyrant.[12] Consequently, Ol. 9 is alone in its complete absence of a literal family or ancestry, or at least, it is the only ode in which an obvious explanation does not appear to be forthcoming through the political or social context of the poem, and the lack of fathers name cannot be explained because of any known personal political prominence or a powerful patron. Even if Epharmostos family had not had previous athletic success, family could still appear, since in other odes victory acts retroactively to glorify otherwise obscure ancestors (e.g., Nem. 6.17-29). Aside from Epharmostos, the ode mentions one other apparently historical individual, Lampromachos, whose presence has sparked much ancient and modern discussion.[13] He is introduced as a cause for the poets presence at the celebration of Olympian 9 (82-84): Because of guest friendship and achievement I have come to honor the Isthmian fillets of Lampromachos, when both won their victories in one day. The scholiasts are divided on the meaning of: 123a and 123c regard Lampromachos as a proxenos in the technical sense, while 123d and 123e consider to be equivalent to in this passage; finally, 125c considers Lampromachos a kinsman of Epharmostos.[14] Modern scholarship has been similarly divided.[15] While the institution of proxenia existed in the fifth-century, it is not certain that an institutionalized proxenia has any relevance to Pindars use of the term in Ol. 9.[16] In one of the only accounts to try to rationalize the appearance of proxenos here, Pavlou focuses on the early evidence for proxenia in Lokris specifically; she is skeptical that Pindar would use a technical term so loosely and she contends that by the fifth-century, proxenia was firmly entrenched as an institution.[17] Pavlou follows the opinion of one of the scholiasts and regards Lampromachos as the proxenos of the Thebans at Opous, and thus a relevant personage to Pindars presence and the commissioning of the o de.[18] The Pindaric usage of proxenia and related words, however, suggests that proxenia could also signify vaguer hospitality. Isthm. 4.8, for example, teams proxenia with the adverb which renders it unlikely that the word refers to a contemporary institution; it is probable that appropriate hospitality is simply another component of the praise of the Kleonymidai.[19] In fr. 94b, Pindar uses the plural dative à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹describes a tradition of hospitality, which began in the past and extends to the present day (38-45), and once again, it is unlikely that the combination of a temporal adverb referring to the past and proxenia refers to the institution.[20] Nem. 7 has presented its own issues of interpretation, in terms of situating the passage in the larger organization of the poem, but proxenia, nonetheless, likely remains general rather than specific.[21] At Nem. 7.64-65, the reference to proxenia probab ly has little to do with the Achaian man, and rather, proxenia evokes the previous reference to xenia at Nem. 7.61 ( I am a guest-friend).[22] Again, an institutionalized meaning is highly unlikely. In other poetic uses from the early fifth-century, the term can refer to general hospitality: in Aeschylus Suppliant Women, proxenia refers to general protection by a powerful patron (or deity), rather than an institutionalized system of city-sponsored hosting (Aesch. Supp. 420, 491, 919). A fragment of Aeschylus Diktyouloi uses proxenia but then glosses it with the word à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã‚  champion (TrGF III: fr. 47a.768-770). Therefore, proxenia in Ol. 9, and throughout the Pindaric corpus, can occur as a metaphor for hospitality, guest-friend relations, and philia, rather than a reference to the civic institution; the term is not evidence for a civic commissioning or biographical speculation but rather reinforces the intimate connection of city and victor. Lampromachos opens the victory catalogue two other Isthmian wins are recorded separately in the following line (Ol. 9.86). The mention of Lampromachos is likely a flourish with which to open the catalogue, an instance in which Epharmostos and his countryman both won at a pan-Hellenic festival on the same day. Pindar begins with a special victory, and then proceeds to begin the catalogue-proper of Epharmostos, proceeding, as is normal, from victories in the Crown Games.[23] The victory with Lampromachos is given special prominence (it begins the catalogue) because of its significance to the city of Opous, a city poorly represented in victories at the Crown Games.[24] Considering the odes explicit focus on praise of Opous aswellasEpharmostos, the inclusion of its other stephanitic victor is hardly surprising. It may be strange, in this case, that Pindar does not mention Menalkes (Moretti no. 240), who won at boxing at the same Olympics as Epharmostos, though perhaps the inclusion of a nother Olympic victor would challenge the primacy of Epharmostos praise in the ode Lampromachos lesser Isthmian victory fulfills the function of praising the city without eclipsing the praise of the laudandus. The mythic section of the ode, in which hospitality and guest-friendship not institutionalized proxenia are conjoined, when foreigners are welcomed to the new city of Opous (Ol. 9.67-69), supports my interpretation of proxenia at Lampromachos appearance. In fact, the settlement of foreigners (explicitly xenoi: Ol. 9.67) and the arete of Opous himself (Ol. 9.65-66; and the polis at Ol. 9.16) as well as one of the descendants of the new settlers (Patroklos, Ol. 9.70-76), have already appeared together in the odes narrative. Thus, Pindar comes to Opous because of the same qualities that have already characterized the polis and ethnos in the mythic narrative he, like the xenoi in the myth, is attracted to the presence of the famous residents of the city, and its famous hospitality. Repetition and a cyclical perspective on Lokrian and Opountian history predominate in the structure of the ode, and so the rationale for Pindars visit seems to reinforce the identity of Epharmostos victory with the past history and mythology of his city and ethnos. Lampromachos is not included because of any political office, special relation, or involvement in the commissioning of the ode (all the suggestions of the scholiasts), but simply because of his status as an Opountian pan-Hellenic victor.[25] Regardless of the always vague, and impossible to prove historical circumstances surrounding the commissioning of the ode, the focus is on Opountian achievements in the victory catalogue, first in the single victory of Lampromachos, and then in the longer record of Epharmostos myriad victories this is not proof of a civic commissioning, but rather exemplary of Pindars method of integrating victor with community.[26] Ol. 9 exemplifies the Pindaric tendency to merge oikos and polis epinikian is a form of civic adornment by the wealthy after all. Merger, however, does not fully satisfy in the context of the ode, since the family in Ol. 9 is not simply combined with the polis; that, in athletics, is the normal state of affairs, because the angelia teams together individual, familial, and civic identities. [27] In Ol. 9, in contrast, Epharmostos family is absent, and the ethnos of Lokris and the polis of Opous replace the oikos of the victor. The presence of Lampromachos in the victory catalogue, in a place generally reserved for family achievements, as a result of his civic identity, indicates this replacement: the polis relegates family and positions itself as the family of the seemingly family-less Epharmostos, so that the history of Lokris and Opous becomes the biographyof Epharmostos, the citys putative ancestry replaces the victors actual genealogy. While homeland praise is a commonplace in Pindaric criticism, Kurke notes that the place of neither family praise nor homeland praise in epinikian has ever been questioned.[28] She stresses the public and communal nature of the reception of Pindars art, and comments that Pindar uses foundation myths because of their inherently political quality, since they transform an entire polis into a single family descended from a common mythic ancestor.[29] The public aspect of epinikian, and the function of homeland praise as part of the political performative of epinikian provokes this articles new interpretation of Olympian 9: the recognition of Opous and Lokris standing in as the oikos of this victor allows us to reimagine the connection between Epharmostos Olympic victories and the mythic narrative in the ode in the context of replacement family and substitute ancestry. This reimagining begins by situating the series of foundations and renewals in the performance of the song itself. The respective establishment of ethnos and polis are emphasized in the ode and function to praise Epharmostos by placing him in a continuity of inheritance (Pindaric phya), modulated through civic and ethnic lineage. Although he has no actual family worth mentioning in the ode, the song manufactures a lineage (and inheritance) of great deeds through the telling and re-telling of history and mythology. It is therefore in the two figures who complete great deeds, Deukalion and Opous (ethnic and civic founders, and themselves involved with unusual family), that we should look for the mythic parallels through which Pindar praises his patron, Epharmostos, and the polis, Opous.[30] Pindars narrative in Ol. 9 is one of the earliest, and most complete, Lokrian myths.[31] He begins from the flood, after which Deukalion and Pyrrha descend from Mount Parnassos to found a city and establish its autochthonous inhabitants (Ol. 9.43-46), the Leleges who become the ethnos of the Lokrians;[32] second, the lineage of kings is renewed through the adoption of a son, Opous, descended directly from Zeus (Ol. 9.57-66), through whom the civic identity of Opountians is established.[33] In both cases, foundations are not straightforward. Standard Greek origin stories revolved around autochthony or migration (Hall 2002: 31-35), but in Pindars narrative, colonial-style foundation is coupled with autochthony (Deukalion and Pyrrha) and hereditary inheritance is complicated by adoption (Opous) a productive merger for representing Epharmostos civic and ethnic genealogy. Thus, Pindar finds room in his Lokrian and Opountian creation myths to accommodate all manners of foundation and esta blishment, and in doing so, firmly establishes the Hellenic identity of Epharmostos Lokrian ancestors.[34] The section on Deukalion and Pyrrha opens after Pindars self-recrimination for the Herakles narrative. While the digression accords with Pindars formal use of Abbruchsformeln,[35] the specific rationale for the inclusion of Herakles here has generated debate, and some have compared Herakles stance against the gods (mortal versus immortal) with Epharmostos victory at Marathon, when he was, according to Pindar, incorrectly placed in the mens category (Ol. 9.89-90).[36] Though some audience members may have made this connection, I concur with Gerber, who regards the comparison as inappropriate, since it would claim some glory for doing combat with the gods (surely, un-Pindaric: see Ol. 9.35-41; cf. Ol. 1.35).[37] Rather, the Abbruchsformel, as often, allows Pindar to draw a connection through juxtaposition, where one is logically absent: here, Herakles descent from Zeus and its consequent effect on his abilities (for the general principle of inherited ability and divine grace: Ol. 9.28- 29; for the specific application to Epharmostos, see Ol. 9.100-104) is placed in close contact with the founding story of Opous and the Lokrians, in which Zeus will similarly play a major role and will bequeath abilities to Lokrian and Opountian progeny (Ol. 9.56-65).[38] By the end of the ode, the connection of divinity and ability is made clear in the latest generation, in the object of the odes praise, when Pindar observes that men do poorly à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ÃŽÂ ´Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ² ÃŽÂ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¦ (Ol. 9.103). After this apparent interruption, with characteristic self-recrimination (though with the effect generated by the juxtaposition in place), Pindar directs himself to stay to the topic at hand, which is the city of Protogeneia (Ol. 9.41-56): à Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ´Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ² ÃŽÂ  Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½, à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ΆÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³ ÃŽÂ  Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ΆÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ ÃŽÂ  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¦ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ ÃŽÂ ´Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½, à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚  ÃŽÂ ´ ÃŽÂ µÃƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ 45ÃŽÂ ºÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ³Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¶ ÃŽÂ ´ à ¡Ã‚ ½Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½. à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚  à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ¿Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¶ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½, ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ ´Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ² à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ¼Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ¿Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¶ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½, à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ´ à ¡Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½. ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ ¼Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ 50à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ¼Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ ¼Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à ¡Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽ-ÃŽÂ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ ¡Ã‚ ¿-ÃŽÂ ½. ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ´ à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à ¡Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ 55à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¶ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½, à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¶ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¶ à Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÅ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¶ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½, à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ · à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦apply your speech to Protogeneias city, where, by decree of Zeus of the bright thunderbolt, Pyrrha and Deukalion came down from Parnassos and first established their home, and, without coupling, founded one folk, an offspring of stone: and they were called people. Awaken for them a clear-sounding path of words; praise wine that is old, but the blooms of hymns that are newer.   Indeed they tell that mighty waters had flooded over the dark earth, but, through Zeus contriving, an ebb tide suddenly drained the floodwater. From them came your ancestors of the bronze shields in the beginning, sons from the daughters of Iapetos race and from the mightiest sons of Kronos, being always a native line of kings, In this passage, Pindar briefly summarizes the end of the flood narrative, which left only Deukalion and Pyrrha alive atop of Mount Parnassos. In Pindars telling, the origin of the flood is left obscure, though Zeus will is the clear cause of its cessation.[39] The significance of 48-49 has been interpreted variously.[40] Despite some attempts to connect this comment to Simonides, the phrase must make sense in the context of its performance and patron, not to mention in re-performance scenarios.[41] The contrast is perhaps best understood in terms of praising the essential qualities of things: antiquity in wine is best (e.g., Od. 2.340), whereas novelty in songs, at least in the context of this ode (which opens, after all, with a contrast between old and new songs: Ol. 9.1), is best. Here I am not arguing for a universal motif in Pindar, but rather, that in thisodeinparticular, Pindar opens by stressing the novelty of his song (the Archilochus song), and thus, in this ode, newness in song is an important element;[42] Pindar buttresses this contention perhaps not so self-evident by the comparison with wine.[43] In fact, since essential qualities generally phya play a major part in the praise of the victor (Ol. 9.100ff), the extension of this opinion to the song that praises that victor makes thematic sense and further strengthens the encomium. If the following myth is unconventional, or stresses unconventional aspects by focusing on the Lokrian and Opountian origin of humanity after the flood, then the statement serves as a self-reference to the poets skill as well as being emphatic about one of the objects of the odes praise.[44] In fact, when Pindar turns to the story of Lokrian and Opountian foundation, he foregrounds the connections amongst ethnos, polis, and Epharmostos (and thus strengthens his case for a continuity of inheritance), by asking for a clear-sounding path of words for them (Ol. 9.47): surely here we read a reference to the whole race of the Lokrians through all the temporal stages of the ode, since for them follows the riddling reference to their name (Ol. 9.45-46). Thus, the whole of 48-49 serves as a transition and, via a short priamel, an explicit way to focus audience attention on the objects of the odes praise, before turning to implicit praise via the mythic narrative.[45] The foundation of Opous, the first human habitation following the destruction of the race, comes about ΆÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³ (by decree of Zeus, Ol. 9.42). ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± is a complicated word in Pindar, though its basic meaning of share or portion often metaphorically denotes fate (s.v. ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± (A), Slater), and, in several instances, ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± is the fate that allows athletic victory to come to fruition: in Nem. 3.16, Aristokleidas strength in the pankration persists ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ (thanks to your [i.e., the Muses] favor); at Nem. 6.13, Alkimidas fortune at Nemea is expressly connected to Zeus favor (ΆÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ a fortune from Zeus); in Pyth. 10, it is ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ (duly) that a living man sees his son crowned at the Pythian Games (10.25-26).[46] Ol. 9 points to the necessity of the favor of the gods (above all, Zeus) to athletic victory: à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ÃŽÂ ´Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ² ÃŽÂ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¦, à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ / ÃŽÂ ¿Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚  à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ (but when god takes no part, each deed is no worse / for being left in silence, 103-104) (also, Ol. 9.28-29); in fact, Zeus is one of the honorees of Epharmostos ode (Ol. 9.6).[47] The involvement of the nous of Zeus in Opountian history connects the distant foundation of ethnos, the legendary establishment of polis, and the present praise of Epharmostos, especially through a word that can be used to describe the role of fate in athletic victory. As Pindar describes it, these three instances are correlative, not through content, but through the aition for each, that is, divine will (and Zeus is particularly attuned to watching over Lokrian history, as this odes mythic narrative demonstrates); they are thematically contiguous despite the vast expanse of time.[48] Deukalion and Pyrrha are the founders of the Lokrian ethnos; their arrival at what will be Opous is characterized less as an arrival at a foreign land and rather as the arrival at their destined home Deukalion and Pyrrha are not alien (although simultaneously not native) to the land of Opous, and it is there that they establish their home (Ol. 9.44; cf. Str. 9.4.2). ÃŽÂ ºÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ³Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ suggestively combines foundation language (ÃŽÂ ºÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ° to found) with parentage (ÃŽÂ ³Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ offspring); it also evokes Pindars vocabulary for athletic inscriptions (cf. Ol. 7.86: à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÅ“ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ ÃŽÂ ¿Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã ¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± / à Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ while in Megara the record in stone / tells no other tale).[49] Deukalion and Pyrrha begin the replacement of oikos by ethnos and polis: their natural daughter, Protogeneia, evaporates into the city they found (Ol. 9. 41-42);[50] the ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ · (stone people) are treated as if their children; the original inhabitants of Opous, their fellow-citizens, are also their descendants. Pindar emphasizes the blurring of oikos and polis: he describes the descendants of the ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ · as from them came your ancestors of the bronze shieldsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Ol. 9.53-54). The antecedent of ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ has provoked much discussion among commentators ancient and modern, though rather than stress a specific meaning, ambiguity, as often, renders Pindars verse more, not less understandable; ambiguity exists in the initial description of the city of Protogeneia and the parentage of the ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·.[51] As so often, Pindars verse resists an interpretive straightjacket: the ambiguous demonstrative suggestively begins the replacement of oikos by polis, which is, of course, salient to the encomium of the odes laudandus, Epharmostos. The understanding of à ¡Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ (Ol. 9.54) has proceeded along similarly fraught lines, though again, sensitivity to the theme of replacement and identity of oikos, ethnos, and polis in the ode provides some clarity.[52] à ¡Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ can refer to both Epharmostos family and the Opountians generally because Epharmostos family, as represented in the ode, istheOpountians (thus, Epharmostos is like his mythological antecedent, Opous, whose true family are the inhabitants of his eponymous city). Pindars verse, through mythic narrative and purposeful ambiguity completes not a merger of oikos and ethnos and polis, but rather a replacement of one by the others: Deukalions natural daughter becomes an alternative name for a city that is populated by the fellow-citizens (or family) of the descendants of the ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½  ¹ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ·. The appearance of the autochthonous original inhabitants of Opous, the race of stone, evokes colonial motifs, which muddles distinctions between native and foreign, and which stress the rele

Telecommunication Trends - Fiber Optics :: essays research papers

FIBER OPTICS IN OUR SCHOOLS Fiber optic refers to the medium and the technology associated with the transmission of information as light impulses along a glass or plastic wire or fiber, about the thickness of a human hair. Fiber optic wire carries much more information than conventional copper wire, and is far less subject to electromagnetic interference. A single glass fiber can carry the equivalent of 100 channels of television or 100,000 telephone calls, with even more capacity possible by encasing many fibers within one cable. Fiber optics was developed by Bell labs and Corning in the late 1960s. It does not experience signal degradation over distance as would coaxial cable. School districts are aware of the need for the upgrades to fiber optic cabling, but costs frequently preclude the upgrade. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) rulings in October of 2004, that relieved incumbent local exchange carriers from having to share fiber networks that reach within 500 feet of homes, have led to plans by BellSouth to boost fiber deployments. Concern among competitors is that their ability to compete for business voice service will be hurt. (Quesada, 2004). But while the unbundling protection for fiber-to-curb is a blow to competitive local exchange carriers, BellSouth plans to increase deployments of fiber-to-the-curb by 40 percent in 2005, a move that will help decrease the cost for local school districts. Since any installation of new wiring is labor-intensive and costly, it is little wonder that school districts lag behind the corporate world in obtaining this superior technology. School districts are rarely provided with enough state and local funds to expand current technologies to encompass such upgrades. There are numerous programs and opportunities in place, however, that will allow even less affluent school districts to keep pace. One such program is called the Universal Service Fund for Schools and Libraries, or more simply, â€Å"E-rate†. E-rate was created by the Telecommunications Act of 1996, and is the discounted rate that schools and libraries pay for access to affordable telecommunications services. It was passed with the help of such politicians as Bill Clinton, Al Gore, and Newt Gingrich. The Act gave the Federal Communications Commission the power to expand universal access so that schools and libraries would be Internet wired. (Carolan & Keating, 1999). Since then, the trend to sign up for E-rate has swept the country. In 1999, Merrick and North Babylon students in Long Island, New York, discovered internet access when their schools opened, and Massapequa voters approved a multimillion-dollar bond issue that included Internet connection costs. Telecommunication Trends - Fiber Optics :: essays research papers FIBER OPTICS IN OUR SCHOOLS Fiber optic refers to the medium and the technology associated with the transmission of information as light impulses along a glass or plastic wire or fiber, about the thickness of a human hair. Fiber optic wire carries much more information than conventional copper wire, and is far less subject to electromagnetic interference. A single glass fiber can carry the equivalent of 100 channels of television or 100,000 telephone calls, with even more capacity possible by encasing many fibers within one cable. Fiber optics was developed by Bell labs and Corning in the late 1960s. It does not experience signal degradation over distance as would coaxial cable. School districts are aware of the need for the upgrades to fiber optic cabling, but costs frequently preclude the upgrade. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) rulings in October of 2004, that relieved incumbent local exchange carriers from having to share fiber networks that reach within 500 feet of homes, have led to plans by BellSouth to boost fiber deployments. Concern among competitors is that their ability to compete for business voice service will be hurt. (Quesada, 2004). But while the unbundling protection for fiber-to-curb is a blow to competitive local exchange carriers, BellSouth plans to increase deployments of fiber-to-the-curb by 40 percent in 2005, a move that will help decrease the cost for local school districts. Since any installation of new wiring is labor-intensive and costly, it is little wonder that school districts lag behind the corporate world in obtaining this superior technology. School districts are rarely provided with enough state and local funds to expand current technologies to encompass such upgrades. There are numerous programs and opportunities in place, however, that will allow even less affluent school districts to keep pace. One such program is called the Universal Service Fund for Schools and Libraries, or more simply, â€Å"E-rate†. E-rate was created by the Telecommunications Act of 1996, and is the discounted rate that schools and libraries pay for access to affordable telecommunications services. It was passed with the help of such politicians as Bill Clinton, Al Gore, and Newt Gingrich. The Act gave the Federal Communications Commission the power to expand universal access so that schools and libraries would be Internet wired. (Carolan & Keating, 1999). Since then, the trend to sign up for E-rate has swept the country. In 1999, Merrick and North Babylon students in Long Island, New York, discovered internet access when their schools opened, and Massapequa voters approved a multimillion-dollar bond issue that included Internet connection costs.

Knights And Chivalry :: essays research papers

Knights and Chivalry Chivalry was a system of ethical ideals developed among the knights of medieval Europe. Arising out of the feudalism of the period, it combined military virtues with those of Christianity, as epitomized by he Arthurian legend in England and the chansons de geste of medieval France. The word chivalry is derived from the French chevalier, meaning horseman or knight. Chivalry was the code of conduct by which knights were supposedly guided. In addition to military prowess and valor and loyalty to God and the knight's feudal lord, it called for courtesy toward enemies and generosity toward the sick and oppressed, widows, and other disadvantaged people. Also incorporated in the ideal was courtly love, romantic devotion for a sexually unattainable woman, usually another man's wife. Veneration for the Virgin Mary played a part in this concept. Chivalric ideals influenced the founding of religious military orders during the period of the Crusades, among them the Templars and the Hospitalers, the Teutonic Knights, and the Spanish orders of Alcantara, Calatrava, and Santiago. In the late Middle Ages, rulers formed secular orders of chivalry such as the English Order of the Garter and the Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece. By this time, however, chivalry had become largely a system of etiquette. Tournaments, in which knights had originally risked their lives in jousting combat before the ladies, became simply elaborate, stylized, and harmless entertainments. Moreover, the expense of this and other trappings of knighthood led many nobles who were eligible for knighthood, having served the customary apprenticeship of 7 years as a page at a noble court and another 7 as a squire, or attendant, to a knight, not to become knights at all. From chivalry, always larger in literature than in life, comes the modern concept of the gentleman. The Knight tells a tale of ideal love and chivalry. This type of tale might seem somewhat strange to todays readers, but this tale would be very popular in the time of Chaucer. The story of the Knight fits his character perfectly. We would expect this from the Knight because he is a very loyal and honorable person. The Knight's tale is filled with love, honor, chivalry, and lots of adventure. Furthermore, fitting the Knights character, there are no stories bordering on the vulgar and no coarseness. The love is an ideal love in which there is no hint of sensuality. The love exists on a high, ideal, platonic plane. The emphasis in the Knight's tale is upon the rules of honor and proper conduct. These qualities fit the Knight good because he would bring

Bye Bye Brazil :: essays research papers

Summary I really enjoyed watching the film Bye, Bye Brazil. I found it to be amusing as well as heartbreaking. I loved Gypsy Lorde. His character had the charisma bordering that of a male chauvinist pig to that of a gentleman. I liked the way the director used symbolic images to get his point across to the audience. I think if I had not done research on the Internet for most of our assignments as well as reading the textbook, I would have found the movie very educational. I had no questions after watching the film. However, it did make me realize how the majority of cultures will assimilate during the process of change, losing a little if not the majority of their traditions that were establish decades ago. Bye, Bye Brazil (1980), a film by Carlos Diegues, tells a story about the struggle of two couples trying to find their dreams in a country, Brazil, that is being overcome by social changes and undergoing massive technological transformations. United by their dreams, the couples travel through the backlands of Brazil in a truck, to seek places where they can not only make a living, but also find their dreams. The insights gained in the course of the journey are insights of both acceptance and change. The main character, the accordionist Cico, starts by joining the Carnival Rolidei as means of breaking out of his suffocating town, and from his pre-determined course of life. The character Gypsy Lorde is portrayed as an ambitious and cynical manager without scruples who is reluctant to see the changes around him. Salome, Gypsy Lorde companion, is as cynical as he, but transmits an air of quiet resignation to the fact that things are changing, whether they like it or not. The fourth character Dasdo, Cico’s wife, is very plain looking compared to Salome, very quiet, and passive. Like Salome, Dasdo also quietly resigns to the fact things are changing but she also tries to give an array of hope that the Carnival will survive and prosper. Bye, Bye Brazil unites in its characters and situations the same elements, which are part of the many processes that are transforming Brazil. The carnival travels from poor town to another. You can see the surprise and disgust of the characters as they move from one part of Brazil to another. Finding that either the young have left behind their old for modernization or that the town people have been captivated by the magic and illusions presented by television.

Immanuel Kant and American Psychological Association Essay

For this paper, I will explore the ethical issues in Psychology, more specifically the violation of basic human rights in the example of the Stanford Prison Experiment. The following questions will be addressed: Was the Stanford Prison Experiment worth the consequences it had on the participants? Was it morally right to put the participants in these conditions without their full consent? I will first begin by discussing the experiment and then explain how it was conducted. I will also briefly explain the American Psychological Association guidelines relevant to this example using three of their APA codes: beneficence, autonomy and justice. Then, I will discuss two contrasting theories, the first will be the theory of utilitarianism and if the consequences of the experiment justify the means; in this experiment it seems that the findings justify the actions that took place. The second theory will focus on the Kantian ethics, more specifically the Categorical Imperative 2 where the experiment will be categorized as morally justified or morally unjustified; it seems that using the Categorical Imperative 2 makes the experiment morally unjustified. Finally, I will present my point of view on the ethics of this experiment, which is derived from both theories such that I believe that the findings of the experiment can morally justify the actions that Zimbardo permitted the prison experiment. First of all, what are human rights? As stated by Murthy (2010) human rights are: â€Å"another basis for making ethical judgments. The most basic human rights are to have claims or entitlements that enable; a person to survive, to make free choices, to realize one’s potential as a human being (a right means that a person or a group is entitled to do something or entitled to be treated in a certain way). † The Stanford Prison Experiment was a violation of human rights because the prisoners’ rights were revoked. The Stanford Prison experiment took place in 1971 by Professor Philip Zimbardo. This experiment was held at Stanford University. The aim of this study was â€Å"to investigate how readily people would conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing exercise that simulated prison life (McLeod, 2008). † The men that were chosen to do this experiment went through a series of tests. Zimbardo chose twenty-four participants that were randomly assigned to the role of guard or prisoner. This experiment would last two weeks and each man would be paid 15$ a day. The guards were the first to have a meeting and were told to keep order in the prison. They were also given uniforms and mirror-reflective sunglasses. The prisoners were, on the other hand, arrested without notice at their home were strip-searched without consent. They were to wear white robes and had a chain to their ankle. Within a very short period of time the participants started to settle into their roles. The guards quickly became more authoritative and also sadistic, they started to harass the prisoners and became very violent. They were enjoying their role of power. The prisoners became more submissive. After thirty-six hours, one prisoner had to leave the institution because he started to â€Å"have uncontrollable bursts of screaming, crying and anger; his thinking became disorganized and he appeared to be entering in the early stages of deep depression (McLeod, 2008). † Following this episode, more and more prisoners started to show signs of depression. The experiment that was supposed to last fourteen days ended after six. The American Psychological Association is the largest organization representing psychology in the United States and Canada (APA, 2013). The mission of these psychologists is to â€Å"advance the creation, communication and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people’s lives (APA, 2013). The APA has a set of five major guidelines in their ethics code, which are: beneficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice and respect for people’s rights and dignity (autonomy). In the case of the Stanford Prison Experiment, some of the principles such as beneficence, justice and autonomy were not put into effect. â€Å"Beneficence means to maximize benefits and minimize harm (Shaugnessy et al. , 2006 quoted by Xavier, 2013). † Zimbardo did not try to minimize harm because although the prisoners were humiliated, in distress and experiencing psychological stress, it took six days for the experiment to shut down. â€Å"Justice means fairness in receiving the benefits of research in addition to accepting the risks (Shaugnessy et al. , 2006 quoted by Xavier, 2013). † Here justice was not respected because the participants did not consent to the full experiment. They weren’t properly informed about what really was going to take place in the prison and therefore did not make a decision on the entirety of the facts. â€Å"Autonomy (or respect for people’s rights and dignity) implying respect for individuals was not present (Shaugnessy et al. , 2006 quoted by Xavier, 2013). People’s rights and dignity were not taken into account. The dehumanizing process began at the beginning of the experiment, when prisoners were instructed to strip naked and accelerated from then on. If this experiment were to be done in today’s society, it would be turned down. â€Å"If modern guidelines were followed, the Stanford Prison Experiment would never have been allowed to take place as it would constitute a serious branch of ethics in accordance to the guidelines of the American Psychological Association, not least because of the fact Zimbardo and his fellow researchers failed to respect the rights of their participants by failing to tell them exactly what they were getting themselves in too (Burgemeester, 2011). † From a Kantian point of view, can we morally justify the actions by Dr. Zimbardo in the Stanford prison experiment? The answer to this question is in Kant’s Categorical Imperative. Kant’s second Categorical Imperative states that â€Å"So act that you use humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end, never means† which in basic terms means â€Å"don’t use people†. It is important to remember that Kant believed that human beings have a special dignity because of their rational nature and that therefore humans deserve a special kind of respect (Van Der Wee, 2013). When taking the example of the Stanford prison experiment, many of the participants’ human rights were not respected. First of all, the prisoners were arrested at their homes, without notice. They were brought to a police station where they had their fingerprints and photographs taken. They were then blindfolded and driven to the Stanford prison where they were stripped naked and then put in a cell. This is a perfect representation of how the prisoners’ were striped of their rights. They had not in anyway consented to this: â€Å"Participants were deceived; an example would be that their consent forms were not complete and did not properly address all that would take place (Shaugnessy et al., 2006 quoted by Xavier, 2013). † After a day in the prison, the participants already started to take their roles more seriously. The prisoners were more submissive and the guards were more aggressive: â€Å"It was not long before the situation rapidly worsened as the behavior of the prison guards became increasingly sadistic and more prisoners succumbed to psychological stress (Burgemeester, 2011). † Prisoners wanted to leave the experiment but weren’t allowed to: â€Å"Several of his participants requested withdrawal numerous times, but he discouraged this and almost forced them to carry on (Zuczka, 2012). † Although the experiment was supposed to last fourteen days, it was stopped after six. Many researchers wonder why it was not stopped after the first time a prisoner was beaten. References Alkadry, M. G. , & Witt, M. T. (2009). Abu Ghraib and the Normalization of Torture and Hate. Public Integrity, 11(2), 135-153. American Psychologists Association. (n. d. ). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. American Psychological Association (APA). Retrieved April 29, 2013, from http://www. apa. org/ethics/code/index. aspx? item=3 Burgemeester, A. (2011, June 21). What are the Zimbardo Prison Experiment Ethical Issues? | What is Psychology?. What is Psychology? |. Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://whatispsychology. net/what-are-the-zimbardo-prison-experiment-ethical-issues/ Cherry, K. (n. d. ). The Stanford Prison Experiment – Overview of the Stanford Prison Experiment. Psychology – Complete Guide to Psychology for Students, Educators & Enthusiasts. Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://psychology. about. com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/stanford-prison-experiment. htm Dreifus, C. (2007, April 3). Finding Hope in Knowing the Universal Capacity for Evil. The New York Times, p. 1. Retrieved April 23, 2013, from http://www. nytimes. com/2007/04/03/science/ McLeod, S. (2008, January 1). Zimbardo – Stanford Prison Experiment. Simply Psychology – Articles for Students. Retrieved April 29, 2013, from http://www. simplypsychology. org/zimbardo. html Murthy, C. S. (2010). Chapter 3: Normative Ethics in Management. Business ethics (Fully rev. ed. , pp. 74-79). Mumbai [India: Himalaya Pub. Book. Retrieved April 29, 2013, from http://dc153. dawsoncollege. qc. ca:2440/lib/dawsoncoll/docDetail. action? docID=10415475&p00=business+ethics. Van Der Wee (Winter 2013) In Class Notes & PowerPoint Xavier, R. (2008, January 5). The Stanford Prison Experiment: Exploring the Ethical Issues. Yahoo. Retrieved April 25, 2013, from voices. yahoo. com/the-stanford-prison-experiment-exploring-ethical-563843. html? cat=37 Zuczka. (2012, February 5). Zimbardo’s prison experiment: do the ends justify the means of the ethical implications? | Psycho4Stats. Psycho4Stats | Because we all love: Psychology Statistics. Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://zuczka. wordpress. com/2012/02/05/zimbardos-prison-experiment-do-the-ends-justify-the-means-of-the-ethical-implications/.

Market Orientation Benefit an Organization Essay

Definition of Market Orientation : A business approach or philosophy that focuses on identifying and meeting the stated or hidden needs or wants of customers. See also product orientation and sales orientation. ‘Market orientation†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ perspectives include the decision-making perspective, market intelligence perspective, culturally based behavioral perspective, strategic perspective. Developing a Market Orientation: An Organizational Strategy Perspective. International Journal of Research in Marketing, and customer orientation perspective. Corporate culture, customer orientation, According to them, the marketing concept is a business philosophy, whereas the term market orientation refers to the actual implementation of the marketing concept. They added that â€Å"a market orientation appears to provide a unifying focus for the efforts and projects of individuals and departments within the organization.† On the other hand, the market orientation as ‘the organization culture that most effectively and efficient creates the necessary behaviours for the creation of superior value for buyers and, thus, continuous superior performance for the business. As such, they consider market orientation as an organisational culture consisting of three behavioral components, namely, i) customer orientation, ii) competitor orientation and iii) interfunctional coordination. Product Orientation : A business approach or philosophy in which whatever a company makes or supplies is the focus of the management’s attention. See also market orientation and sales orientation. Customer Orientation : 1. General: A party that receives or consumes products (goods or services) and has the ability to choose between different products and suppliers. See also buyer. 2. Quality control: Entity within a firm who establishes the requirement of a process (accounting, for example) and receives the output of that process (a financial statement, for example) from one or more internal or external suppliers. An organization’s strategy that combines all of its marketing goals into one comprehensive plan. A good marketing strategy should be drawn from market research and focus on the right product mix in order to achieve the maximum profit potential and sustain the business. The marketing strategy is the foundation of a marketing plan 1. General: A motivating force that compels action for its satisfaction. Needs range from basic survival needs (common to all human beings) satisfied by necessities, to cultural, intellectual, and social needs (varying from place to place and age group to age group) satisfied by necessaries. Needs are finite but, in contrast, wants (which spring from desires or wishes) are boundless. See also Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. 2. Marketing: A driver of human action which marketers try to identify, emphasize, and satisfy, and around which promotional efforts are organized. Sales Orientation : A business approach or philosophy that focuses on promoting sales of whatever a company makes or supplies, through marketing and sales calls. See also market orientation and product orientation.

Human Population: The Overpopulation Problem and Sustainable Solutions Essay

Human society lives in the atmosphere of numerous environmental threats. However, no dangers are as threatening to humanity as those created by humans themselves. Like global warming and the extinction of animal and plant species, overpopulation has already turned into the definitive feature of the postmodern environmental reality. Few strategies have been developed to address the overpopulation issue. The positive effects of those strategies had been but few. Today, there is an urgent need to develop a global sustainable strategy that will reduce the rates of the population growth to the extent, which will allow humans to meet their present needs without compromising the needs of the future generations. Overpopulation: A Review of the Problem A wealth of literature was written about overpopulation, its causes and consequences. Gilland (2008) defines overpopulation as â€Å"relation to a country’s ability to feed its inhabitants† (p. 122). In the global contexts, overpopulation implies that the planet no longer possesses resources necessary to satisfy even the basic human needs. More often than not, the concept of overpopulation is discussed in relation to diet and food consumption patterns. For example, Gilland (2008) provides an extensive review of what a satisfactory average diet is and what nutrition problems usually indicate the presence of the overpopulation issue. Overpopulation is often equated with conditions of living that manifest through continuous imbalance between population numbers and the carrying capacity of land; and here, food and diets are fairly regarded as the basic measures of overpopulation per unit of land (Fellmann, Getis & Getis, 2007). Overpopulation is problematic because it leads to unavailability of food resources with the caloric content needed to meet individual daily requirements for energy (Fellmann, Getis & Getis, 2007). The situation with developing countries is particularly difficult, because these countries cannot meet the growing demands of the ever increasing population. Difficulties with food production, continuous poverty, climate changes and significant crop losses add their share of complexity to the issue of overpopulation. For example, Africa’s share of crop production decreased 30% between 1960 and 1990, and further 30% decrease is predicted in the next 25 years (Fellmann, Getis & Getis, 2008). These problems will widen the population-nutrition gap and will turn overpopulation into the basic cause of famines and economic scarcity (Fellmann, Getis & Getis, 2008). Overpopulation marks the beginning of the so-called â€Å"plague cycle†, which will lead to the collapse of the food supply systems and will create environmental constraints, which technologies cannot reduce (Cassis, 2004). The growing pace of technological advancement makes the problem of overpopulation even more controversial, achievements in technology lead to the growing scarcity of natural resources, especially oil and gas. The current state of overpopulation and the continuous population growth on the planet will lead to global crash of the most important supply systems (Cassis, 2004). Urban and densely-populated territories will be among the first to perceive the adverse effects of overpopulation. Their dense population and woefully inadequate sanitation provide the ideal breeding ground for diseases new and old – diseases that will, sooner or later, be carried to all parts of the world through migration and tourism† (Cassis, 2004, p. 178). The poorest parts of the world will experience the drastic consequences of resource depletion and are likely to plunge into anarchy in their fight for survival (Kaplan, 1994). With the population of roughly 6. 8 billion today and 211,000 people ad ded every day, the earth is likely to reach the 9. 2 billion point by 2050 (Johnson, 2007). Food and health systems will hardly withstand the pressure of the ever growing population. The world’s food supply per capita increased 30% between 1960 and 2000; meanwhile, the world’s oil reserves increased only 3%, and grain production increase did not exceed 2. 1% (Ehrlich & Ehrlich, 2001). Obviously, the time will come when the growing population will need to fight hard to satisfy the growing feeling of hunger. In light of these complexities, the lack of the overpopulation awareness is at least striking. Cassis (2004) is correct in that the media do little to help people better understand how overpopulation impacts the planet. Most individuals do not have any single idea about the finiteness of natural resources and do not recognize the need to preserve the environment for the future generations. However, the resource pie is far from big enough to divide it into equal pieces among everyone (Cassis, 2004). It is high time the human society reconsidered its consumption patterns and addressed the existing overpopulation concerns, before it is too late. Overpopulation: Living and Nonliving Factors and Positive and Negative Sides of the Issue Definitely, the current state of population on the planet is the result of both living and nonliving influences. The living factors of overpopulation include the growing availability of food resources (including animals), the growing resistance of the human organism to bacterial infections/ diseases, and the growing life expectancy. Among nonliving factors of overpopulation, the most important are public health improvements, the advances in human knowledge of ecology and biology, better access to nonliving resources like oil and gas, improved transportation and communication and, simultaneously, the growing social gap between different population layers. The availability of food and better human resistance to bacterial infections and diseases greatly contributed to the population growth on the planet. The past 150 years were marked with the remarkable increase in food production by farmers: between 1965 and 1985 alone, the amount of grain harvested and processed worldwide increased from 630 million tons to almost 2 billion tons (Miller, 1995). Rapid technological advancement led to the development of more sophisticated fertilizers, machinery, and new kinds of seed, which altogether sped up the expansion of agricultural production all over the world (Miller, 1995). Unfortunately, the distribution of food resources on the planet remains increasingly uneven. Meanwhile, human society continues conquering the most dangerous infections and diseases, making human organism more resistant to various kinds of living organisms. Better health is both the product of better nutrition and better medical practices. The latter are an essential nonliving component of the growing population. Really, significant improvements in medical practices and public health systems made the rapid growth of population possible and even threatening to the stability of the social order on the planet. Vaccinations, new theories of disease, better systems of food and water supply, and improved waste treatment became the basic prerequisites for the dramatic increase in human population on planet (Miller, 1995). Death rates fell sharply due to substantial progress in medical science, while birth rates, especially in the poorest areas of the planet, remained increasingly high (Miller, 1995). For many people, having more children became the symbol of healthier life (Cassis, 1994). Modern communications and the sophisticated system of transportation have created better conditions for giving birth to and bringing up children (Cassis, 1994). As a result, with time, overpopulation gradually transformed from a distant perspective into reality. Like any other issue, overpopulation has good and bad sides. Surprisingly or not, overpopulation creates a challenge the society must meet in order to survive. In this situation, people actively work to develop solutions to the most urgent food supply problems (e. . , the development of genetically modified foods). Nevertheless, negative factors of overpopulation overweigh its positive sides and include the growing scarcity of resources, environmental pollution, the failure of traditional food supply chains, and the growing population-nutrition gap. Overpopulation and the Current Sustainability Solutions The growing scarcity of food resources leads governments and social groups to propose and implement sustainable solutions t o the problem of overpopulation. Current sustainable policies cover a limited range of instruments and do not resolve the existing overpopulation controversies. In the system of overpopulation solutions, family planning and birth control occupy the central place and are based on Malthus’s theory that â€Å"all biological populations have a potential for increase that exceeds the actual rate of increase, and the resources for the support of increase are limited† (Fellman, Getis & Getis, 2007, p. 125). Indonesia was among the first to adopt a family planning program that established numerous village centers to distribute contraceptives and educate people about birth control (Pakenham, 2004). As a result, Indonesia was able to decrease its fertility rates by almost 40 percent (Pakenham, 2004). Other countries, including Thailand, Mexico, South Korea and Tunisia were able to decrease their birth rates; the dramatic decrease in birth rates ultimately led to a 33-percent increase in economic growth in East Asia (Pakenham, 2004). Chinese one-child-per-family policies received a great deal of attention (Cassis, 2004). Economies like Japan apply to complex policies of economic growth, based on the belief that economic prosperity and lower fertility rates are closely connected (Cassis, 2004). These, however, are separate attempts to resolve separate issues in separate countries. Humanity never tried to develop a complex strategy to address the most complex elements of the overpopulation problem at once.

Paper on Depression

Thresa BigMan University of phoenix PSY270 Week 4 Depression paper Depression is a mental illness that a lot of individuals have in today’s society. According to the University of Phoenix fundamentals of abnormal psychology, describes many different mood disorders that effect many people today, â€Å"Depression is a low, sad state in which life seems dark and its challenges overwhelming.Depression can be an illness that can be manageable to an individual that has mild symptoms there are cases of depression that can be so severe that it can take over someone’s life in the aspect that it is manageable with daily living assistance and treatment plans that include assisted living environment and anti-depressants. Patients can even be misdiagnosed to have other disorders if not have a proper evaluation.Mania, the opposite of depression, is a state of breathless euphoria, or at least frenzied energy, in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking. Most people with a mood disorder suffer only from depression, a pattern called unipolar depression. † When an individual has no history of mania and after the episode return to their normal mood others may experience periods of mania that o back and forth with periods of depression in a somewhat of a pattern is called bipolar disorder. (University of phoenix, 2011).Many individuals of all walks of life suffer from mood disorders according to the University of Phoenix Fundamentals of abnormal psychology (2011), â€Å"Mood disorders also have plagued such writers as Ernest Hemingway, Eugene O’Neill, Virginia Woolf, and Sylvia Plath. † Mood disorders have different stages of symptoms, according to the university of phoenix fundamentals of psychology (2011), â€Å"The symptoms, which often feed upon one another, span five areas of functioning: emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, and physical. Emotional symptoms can have the individual feelin g miserable, humiliated, and sad. In severe cases many individuals can suffer from anhedonia which can cause the patient to have the inability to feel pleasure. They begin to have no self-worth. Motivational symptoms can include according to the University of Phoenix Fundamentals of psychology (2011), â€Å"Depressed people typically lose the desire to pursue their usual activities. Almost all report a lack of drive, initiative, and spontaneity. They may have to force themselves to go to work, talk with friends, eat meals, or have sex. The patient will not have any motivation to get up and get out of bed at times. Motivational symptoms could be that a patient doesn’t want to do anything and has to force one self to do the littlest of things in their daily life. Behavioral symptoms include behaviors where the individual becomes less active productive. Cognitive symptoms people see themselves in a very negative light and do not have a high self-worth when they accomplish somet hing that is very substantial they do not see it in the right regards to see what they did was successful.Physical symptoms can include headaches, nausea, vomiting and sleeping issues. Physical symptoms can vary from person to person when it comes to mood disorders. Many times physical symptoms can often cloud proper diagnoses to mood disorders, according to the University of Phoenix Fundamentals of abnormal psychology (2011), â€Å"In fact, many depressions are misdiagnosed as medical problems at first. Disturbances in appetite and sleep are particularly common (Neckelmann et al. , 2007; Genchi et al. 2004). Most depressed people eat less, sleep less, and feel more fatigued than they did prior to the disorder. Proper diagnoses are often over looked because of all the physical symptoms that a person with a mood disorder can develop. Often the symptoms are treated before depression is diagnosed. When diagnosing unipolar depression, according to the University of Phoenix Fundamentals of abnormal psychology (2011), â€Å"People who experience a major depressive episode without having any history of mania receive a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Individuals who display a longer-lasting but less disabling pattern of unipolar depression may receive a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder.Bipolar I disorder have full manic and major depressive episodes. Most of them experience an alternation of the episodes; for example, weeks of mania followed by a period of wellness, followed, in turn, by an episode of depression. Some people, however, have mixed episodes, in which they swing from manic to depressive symptoms and back again on the same day. In bipolar II disorder, hypomanic—that is, mildly manic—episodes alternate with major depressive episodes over the course of time.When dysthymic disorder leads to maojr depressive disorder, the sequence is called double depression (Taube-Schiff & Lau, 2008). † Unipolar depression is often triggered when the individual is experiencing extreme stress. Forms of treatment for these types of mood disorders may include antidepressants, individual therapy, and in extreme cases an individual may have to be under constant care as the disorder has caused them to not be able to maintain their normal quality of life and may be harmful to themselves or others.Group and family therapy can be an effective form of treatment for patients. According to the University of Phoenix Fundamentals of abnormal psychology (2011), â€Å"Family-Social Treatments Therapists who use family and social approaches to treat depression help clients change how they deal with the close relationships in their lives. The most effective family-social approaches are interpersonal psychotherapy and couple therapy. † Anti-depressants are commonly given as a part of the treatment plan for a patient.According to the University of Phoenix Fundamentals of abnormal psychology (2011), â€Å"Two kinds of drugs discovered in the 1950s reduce the symptoms of depression: monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and tricyclic’s. † Proper diagnoses are the most important part about treating any mental disorder. Many times physical symptoms cloud the illness. When treating this disorder it is important to diagnose to be accurate because often these types of disorders are often prescribed antidepressants as a way to treat the illness.After proper accurate diagnoses developing a treatment plan to determine what types of treatments would the patient benefit from. Assisting the patient in a proper evaluation to diagnose correctly is also a way for the patient to learn what is a normal mood or reaction to events or stress that happens in their life time can help determine what the patient is experiencing and often even why. Treatment and proper diagnoses goes hand in hand they are as important to the patient. References University of phoenix. (2011). Fundamentals of psychology. Retrieved from University o f phoenix, PSY270 website.