Essay on Evidence-Based Strategies for Students with Physical Disabilities and Health ImpairmentsEssay Writing Service

Essay on Evidence-Based Strategies for Students with Physical Disabilities and Health ImpairmentsEssay Writing Service Essay on Evidence-Based Strategies for Students with Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments Essay on Evidence-Based Strategies for Students with Physical Disabilities and Health ImpairmentsIn 1975, the legislation which is now called Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was enacted. According to the IDEA, students with disabilities have the right to receive appropriate free public education in the least restrictive environment. The IDEA applies to children who have learning disabilities, emotional disturbances, autism, hearing and vision impairments, mental retardation, brand injuries, mental retardation, physical disabilities, etc. (Hunt Marshall, 2012). Schools are responsible for providing reasonable accommodations to such students, and teachers should implement strategies for engaging students with special needs, for integrating their developmental goals in the educational setting, for promoting students’ social skills and for securing safe and accessible learning environment for children with special needs (Hunt Marshall, 2012). In the context of this paper, evidence-based strategies for educating and developing children with orthopedic impairments and physical disabilities are discussed.Student Population Description and CharacteristicsAmong the whole student population, there are about 8.4% of students who need special education services (Institute on Disability, 2014). Among them, the number of students with orthopedic impairments is about 0.9% (Institute on Disability, 2014). In 2012, there were more than 52,000 students with orthopedic impairments that required special educational services (Institute on Disability, 2014).IDEA defines physical disabilities as orthopedic impairments and includes such impairments as disease-caused impairments (e.g. impairments that emerged due to poliomyelitis, cancer, bone tuberculosis, etc.), impairments caused by congenital anomalies (e.g. missing body part, clubfoot, etc.) and other physical impairments (e.g. the ones caused by cerebral palsy, burns, amputations, etc.) (Hornby, 2014). Students with orthopedic impairments might have different functional issues in the classroom such as atypical motor abilities and movements, fatigue, communication impairments, sensory loss, etc. (Hornby, 2014). In addition, such students often have learning challenges caused by environmental and psychosocial factors. In particular, students with orthopedic impairments frequently have motivational deficits, emotional and social difficulties, mobility problems; they are prone to having language disorders, hyperactivity and academic deficiencies (Hornby, 2014). The teacher’s responsibility is to develop and utilize strategies helping such students to become more engaged and motivated, strategies aimed at making the environment more accessible and safe for such children, strategies for developing motor skills and social skills in the educational setting (Hornby, 2014).Strategies for Engagement and Participation in Instruction for Language Arts and MathIn order to address the ne eds of students with orthopedic disabilities and to maintain the proper quality of education for other learners, teachers should pay more attention to differentiating instruction according to student needs. According to Hornby (2014), 96% of general education teachers have students with learning disabilities in their classes. Students with orthopedic impairments are not so numerous as students with learning disabilities, but, as it was shown in the previous section, students with physical disabilities might also have to deal with additional educational challenges and psychosocial factors affecting their learning abilities.Specific strategies that were found useful in a diverse class setting in general and for educating students with special needs in particular were providing specialized instruction (tailored to the needs of different students) and flexible grouping of students (Hornby, 2014). The challenges of specialized instruction for teachers, according to the findings of Heller Coleman-Martin (2007), can be reduced by using technology – e.g. using audio and visual supports to provide for the needs of IDEA-eligible students. Furthermore, teachers need to change their behaviors and act as facilitators in order to make differentiated learning effective (Hornby, 2014).Heller Coleman-Martin (2007) demonstrate evidence in support of a teaching strategy aimed at promoting literacy among students with physical disabilities – Nonverbal Reading Approach. This strategy is based on subvocal rehearsal and helps students decode new words; furthermore, this approach allows the teacher to assess reading level of students. The evaluation part of the strategy is based on diagnostic distractor arrays combined with corrections and analysis of errors if necessary (Heller Coleman-Martin, 2007). This strategy is recommended for using with phonics-based reading programs (Heller Coleman-Martin, 2007).In terms of math, one effective strategy for increasing engage ment and participation in math for students with orthopedic impairments is TouchMath (Avant Heller, 2011). TouchMath focuses on key computational skills and allows to train students on solving basic mathematical problems. This approach proved to be efficient for students with physical disabilities – the students’ ability to solve problems after using TouchMath notably increased. In general, students with orthopedic impairments have a propensity to cognitive issues making it more difficult for them to study math. Abstract approaches often used for teaching problem-solving skills might therefore be too challenging for such students, while multisensory representational dot notation used in TouchMath gives rather positive results in such cases (Avant Heller, 2011). Other plausible interventional strategies might be peer instruction or drill and practice approaches (Avant Heller, 2011).Strategies for Manipulating the Environment for Safety and AccessTeachers should ensur e that the educational environment is safe and accessible for students with special needs. To achieve this, the teacher should research the information pertaining to specific student impairments, study the characteristics of the disorder, treatment, restrictions and course of the disorder/impairment (Heller Swinehart-Jones, 2003). In addition, the teacher should be aware of the signs of problems associated with the specific impairment and should be able to intervene properly when needed. The teacher should specifically consider the issues of endurance and fatigue as these are very important for students with orthopedic impairments (Heller Swinehart-Jones, 2003). Teachers should identify and minimize potential sources of fatigue in the learning environment. Environmental issues might also emerge during motion or transition between different rooms; students might have difficulties balancing their bodies or experience troubles with bodily fluids (Heller Swinehart-Jones, 2003).Teache rs should also consider adjusting tests and assessments to the needs of students with orthopedic impairments. For example, assessment speed should match the student’s ability to move between questions, or it might be necessary to alter the speed or manner of assessment when student experiences motor difficulties or fatigue.The teachers should also provide assistive technology or modifications of the environment when needed. One efficient strategy is using a computer as an alternative means of input; other frequently used modifications are preferential/modified seats, alternative organization of assessment or teaching, use of assistive hardware and software (e.g. a talking calculator) and mobility assistance (Heller Swinehart-Jones, 2003).Strategies for Integrating Motor Goals in the Educational SettingMaintaining reasonable physical health and motor development of students with orthopedic disabilities is also included in the teacher’s responsibilities. The teacher sho uld be aware of the child’s condition in terms of expected and actual developmental goals and motor goals (Hunt Marshall, 2012). Depending on the type of subject taught by the teacher, the student’s age and needs, it is necessary to use different strategies for integrating motor goals in the educational setting. For example, if the child has specific motor goals, it might be relevant to include activities stimulating these motor goals as part of the class.Teachers might use assistive materials to improve the student’s abilities to concentrate and to enhance fine motor skills; group activities and experiments might be used for stimulating general motor activity and reducing fatigue. It is recommended to use the assistance of the Developmental Adapted Physical Education teacher to address motor needs of students with orthopedic impairments in the educational setting (Hunt Marshall, 2012).Strategies for Promoting Social SkillsStudents with orthopedic impairments tend to have pervasively low social skills (Heller Swinehart-Jones, 2003). It is very important for teachers dealing with physically impaired students to help such students improve their social skills and assist them in integrating into the society in general. There exist different evidence-based approaches for helping students with physical disabilities acquire social skills. Firstly, the teacher should teach different forms and types of communication to the class, therefore helping students with special needs choose optimal forms of communication and helping other students understand the variety of communication forms and types (Heller Swinehart-Jones, 2003). In addition, teachers might share strategies of supporting disabled people with other students; such skills as mobility assistance, fatigue reduction or provision of environmental adjustments will be useful for peers as they would be more aware of special needs and for students with orthopedic impairments, as they might pre fer peer assistance rather than adult assistance.Teachers should create low-risk settings for building friendships such as role-playing, team competition or other structured activities. In such situations, students with physical disabilities might have richer social interactions and might notably improve their social skills. Sharing a culture of social diversity and helping students with similar needs meet outside school are two other strategies that will improve social skills of students with special needs (Heller Swinehart-Jones, 2003). In general, the teacher’s strategies should address developmental and social needs of such students along with academic objectives (Hornby, 2014).

Week-5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week-5 - Essay Example The courthouse has different departments which each department having its own superior officer who report to a different authority. For instance, the office of the prosecutor has attorneys who report to the chief justice, while the police officers stationed at the courthouse report to their superiors at the police stations. The clerks operating at the courthouse are under a senior clerk, who then reports to the chief administrative officer. This makes the employees of the organization to have mixed loyalty, affecting the efficiency in which they conduct their duties (Zhu, 36). To correct this, the organization needs to enact a system whereby there will be an overall officer in charge of the court house, and any officer employed or working at the court house, must report to him/her. SWOT analysis involves a process of identifying areas where an organization is weak, and also strong (SWOT Analysis For Creative Services, 4). It identifies the opportunities the organization has and the threats that the organization faces. In conducting a SWOT analysis, the first step is to collect information about the company, and the particular aspect of the analysis. An individual can use primary and secondary methodologies in collecting information. For instance, an individual will identify and list the strengths, the weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the organization. During this process of collecting data, it is important for an individual to ask questions that touch on the organization. The next process is to prepare a plan of action that outlines measures an organization needs to take in order to strengthen its operations (SWOT Analysis For Creative Services, 6).For example,one of the major weaknesses of an organization is lack of qualified staff who have the capability of providing professional services. A plan of action will outline the measures needed to recruit the best staff for a vacant position, or train the

Employment LAw Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment LAw - Case Study Example Additionally, there is direct discrimination. The UK company law requires that all employees should undergo rigorous training before undertaking any sought of job. Louise ignores this fact and fails to equip Paul with relevant skills pertaining to his cashier job. In fact, she does not even intend to make arrangements of training the newly employed worker. According to Delaney and Huselid (2010, p. 956), any inconvenience in service delivery is attributed to the lack of training. In this regard, the bank manager takes advantage of his lack of experience and directly mistreats him before the bank clients. The harassment of Paul is humiliating given that the boss victimized him while the bank clients were watching. The Employment Act, 1996, classifies any abuse and disparaging remarks as harassment. The UK equality Act 2010 stipulates that every citizen has a right to fair and non-discriminative treatment (Hofstede, 2008, p. 67). The Act covers discrimination based on sex, disability a nd belief. This situation notwithstanding, the common law includes discriminatory treatment of employees, in the prohibition. The UK legislation also allows all workers to be members of trade unions. The unions serve as a shield for the workers. Besides the common law legislation, the trade union protects the welfare of all employees who have subscribed into trade union membership (Schuler, Randal and Susan, 2008, p. 34). The move of Paul was inappropriate because leaving the job was not a solution to his problem. He should seek the indulgence of the trade union in the matter and invoke the relevant legislation to his favor. There are many options open to Paul. He can seek constructive dismissal from the job, which will call for a comprehensive compensation of service delivery. Paul also has the option of being reemployed by the assistance of the employment tribunal. The UK transfer of the Undertaking Regulation Act

Impact of Stress on Health and Well-being of the Individual

Impact of Stress on Health and Well-being of the Individual The objective of this assignment is to define holistic and define stress, and discuss the impact of stress on the health and wellbeing of an individual. Firstly the writer will look at holistic approaches and define stress. The writer will also look at how stress effects the individually biologically, psychologically and sociologically. Finally the writer will discuss approaches to managing stress. The term â€Å"Holistic or Holism† derives from the Greek word meaning entire, whole, total. The Oxford Dictionary of Nursing (2014) defines â€Å"Holistic† as an approach to patient care in which the psychological, physiological and social factors of the patient’s condition are taken into account, rather than just the diagnosed disease. Holistic medicine is not a separate medical or treatment method, but it is an alternative philosophy regarding the approach to health. This holistic nursing approach originated in the United States of America and was formally introduced to the United Kingdom in 1977 and was seen as an alternative approach nursing rather than the traditional orientated task approach. Florence Nightingale herself encouraged holistic care; she recognised how important the environment and a multi directional approach was, rather than a one- dimensional therapy process. According to Dossey (2008) Health is a multifaceted complex concept, it relates to an individual’s well-being in a given environment, and is defined by pathology and the traditional biomedical health approach, holistic care looks at treating the underlying causes and not just the superficial ones. Barker (2004) also states the holistic model of care is widely accepted in the field of nursing, it favours a comprehensive in-depth assessment of entirety rather than the medical approach which just studies the disease in the patient. The holistic care approach takes into consideration all the persons individual psychological, sociological and mental health needs. Every man, women and child consists of a body and mind, and any changes in a person’s life will eventually cause changes in their existence. Aggleton and Chalmers (2000) describe holism as the fundamental wholeness of human beings. Hogston and Simpson (1999) define the holistic nursing process as a systematic problem solving framework that enables the nurse to plan care accordingly targeting the specific needs of the individual. The holistic approach has two focal factors. The first factor treats the individual as a separate entity, secondly the holistic approach analyses the psychosomatic approach of a disease and magnifies it by putting the patient in a specific time, along with their needs and quality of life. Alfaro-LeFevre (1998) described the holistic nursing process as a five stage framework comprising of: Assessment: to collect data regarding health status and monitor for evidence of health problems. Diagnosis: to identify actual and potential health issues. Planning: to determine therapeutic interventions and achievable goals. Implementation: to put plans into action and observe response. Evaluation: to assess the outcomes, to check if goals have been achieved or whether changes need to be made. A holistic approach to health makes prevention vitally important as finding a cure, this continuous model of care can extend over an individual’s life. The holistic approach drives to manipulate fundamental determinants of health that occur and this offers an upstream attack on threats to health. This may be the best approach and outcome in coping with the unhealthy lifestyles and the ageing and longevity of life in the population in the 21st century. These determinants contribute to a rise in stress, which can contribute to a rise in other diseases such as heart disease, cancer, stroke and other long standing mental health problems. The Oxford Dictionary of Nursing defines stress as â€Å"any factor that threatens the health of the body or has an adverse effect on its functioning, such as injury, disease, overwork, or worry. Constant stress brings about changes in the balance of hormones in the body. Selye (1976) describes stress as a unifying concept; it is a non-specific r esponse to a huge variety of stimuli. According to Edwards and Cooper (1988) stress should be discussed in terms of stimuli, responses and the relationship between them. Stress is actually part of modern life; at times it may become a useful tool and serve a purpose. Stress can motivate you for promotion at work, or push you to run that last mile of a marathon. Nevertheless if you lose control and dont get to grips with your stress, it can become a long-term problem and it can have a severe detrimental effect and interfere with your job, family life, and health. The causes of stress differ for every individual. Everyone has different stress triggers; we are open to various amounts of different stimuli. Beckwith (1996) states defining stress, its causes and symptoms are just as complicated. It is often characterized as a reaction to modern and social factors, stress is a disruption in an individual’s physiological and psychological homeostasis that force them to deviate from u sual functioning in interaction with their jobs and work environment. Stress is defined by Auerbach (1996) as a three way relationship between demands on a person, that person’s feelings about those demands and their ability to cope with those demands. Stress can effectively destroy the quality of life for the individual, his or her family and for society as a whole, it has become as dangerous as pollution to modern society Srivastava (1999). Some people thrive in the pressure cooker of life. Stress is a personalized experience and can vary extensively even in the same identical situation for different reasons. Some individuals can perform and complete many duties at the same time and have a list of things to do that would stretch and overpower most of us. Every individual has different stress triggers. How person A copes to how person B copes is completely different. A simple example of a daily stressor is the journey to work, college or school. Person A who is sitting in th e traffic, will sit and become very angry at the long delay, but Person B sitting in the next car accepts that there is lots of traffic and copes with the situation. The same stressor or stimuli, but two completely different reactions to the same situation. Stress level will differ based on your personality and how you respond to situations. The same situation can arise in any individuals life, whether it be moving to a new home, a heavy workload, too much responsibility, working long hours, studying for exams or simply leaving the house. Snyder, Lefcourt and Herbert (2001) state, Stress resides neither in the situation nor in the person, it depends on a transaction between the two. Barlow (2000) states suffering from stress, anxiety or phobias can disrupt daily routines, limit work efficiency, reduce self-esteem, and place a strain on relationships. Individuals will do whatever they can to avoid the uncomfortable and often-terrifying feelings of anxiety. Bourne (2011) supports Barl ow by stating people with specific phobias, or strong irrational fear reactions, work hard to avoid common places, situations, or objects even though they know theres no threat or danger. The fear may not make any sense, but they feel powerless to stop it. Specific phobias according to Sylver, Lilienfeld and Laprairie (2011) can cause stress, the threat of a terrorist attack, global warming, dogs, cats, bees, wasps, spiders, germs, heights, driving, public transport, flying, dental or medical procedures, and even elevators. People with phobias realize that their fear is irrational, and even thinking about it can often cause extreme anxiety. According to Beidel Turner (1998) while some phobias develop in childhood, most seem to arise unexpectedly, usually during adolescence or early adulthood. Their onset is usually sudden; you have no control over these events and they may occur in situations that previously did not cause any discomfort or anxiety. All of these factors can lead to stress. Stress is a worrisome illness. Stress has numerous faces, and sidles into our lives from many directions. No matter what the causes are, stress can put the body and mind under extreme pressure. Constant or chronic stress can have real physical effect on the body. It weakens the immune system, increasing the individual’s vulnerability. Stress engulfs the body and saturates it with stress hormones. The heart thumps, muscles tense, breathing quickens and the stomach churns. 1

Legalization of Marijuana :: informative weed essay

Legalizing marijuana could lead to new medicinal purposes. This seems to be the strongest argument in legalizing this substance. Marijuana is a controlled substance, also known as a narcotic. More commonly named in the past, hemp plant or cannabis, is one of the oldest known psychoactive plants in humanity. The main ingredient in marijuana that causes the â€Å"high† people get form smoking it is known as THC (â€Å"tetrahydrocannabinols†). A native of central Asia, cannabis may have been cultivated as much as ten thousand years ago. It was cultivated in China by 4000 B.C. and in Turk Stan by 3000 B.C. It has long been used as a medicine in India, China, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, South Africa, and South America. The first evidence of the medicinal use of cannabis was during the reign of the Chinese Emperor Chen Nung five thousand years ago. â€Å"It was recommended for malaria, constipation, and rheumatic pains (Grinspoon, Lester. 3) Since then many American research facilities have tried to cannabis find medicinal purposes for the drug. In the twentieth century has been proposed or shown to be useful as a medicine for many disorders and symptoms. As the results of various state research programs indicate, marijuana may be a remarkably effective substitute for standard drugs. â€Å"In one study of fifty-six patients who got no relief from standard anathematic agents, 78 percent became symptom-free when they smoked marijuana.† (Grinspoon, Lester. 25). Marijuana is also used for medicinal purposes in disorders such as: cancer chemotherapy, glaucoma, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, paraplegia, AIDS, chronic pain, rheumatic diseases, depression and other mood disorders. Though all of these have valid reason to legalize marijuana the FDA has yet to approve of it. "Today drugs must undergo rigorous, expensive, and time-consuming tests to win approval by the Food and Drug Administration for marketing as medicines." (Grinspoon, Lester. 226 ) Those who are suffering from various diseases are also excluded from the use of marijuana. If cannabis was made legal, there are several medicinal uses for it. The most recent is a study of the effects of marijuana on Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Eventually victims of the disease may become totally paralyzed and forced to use a wheel chair. According to the BBC news, (an English news website), about 200 people have signed up to take part in the first national study of the effects of this narcotic on the disease.

India Change over Time Essay

India is a country with a rich culture and many age-old traditions. Although some of these aspects of indian culture can still be seen today, India has changed greatly over the year. A major contributing factor to this change was British colonization of India in the early and mid-1700s; colonization had both short-term and long-term impacts on India. Prior to British colonization most of India lived in small villages and maintained a predominantly agricultural economy. In most regions of India there is a strong sense of family and community. There are many festivals and occasions for celebration, especially weddings. As each region of India has elements of unique culture, occasions and celebrations can vary widely. Before colonization, people lived in extended families. A son would not leave his parents’ home when he married. Instead, his new wife would live with her husband’s family and work for and serve his household. Women had very few choices or rights. They were expected to obey their father until they married, then they would obey their husband. If their husband died, they would be expected to obey their father-in-law. Houses were built of wood, reeds, mud bricks and straw. People slept, ate and sat on the floor, and furniture in houses was not common prior to colonization. Jainism, Hinduism and Buddhism are the three religions that are believed to have shaped Indian thought; religions that are practices world-wide. Many motivations pushed Europeans towards colonizing foreign lands. Primarily, nations established colonies to gain economic profits. In addition to a desire for economic profit, nationalism also served as a reason for colonization. Europeans used the ideas of the â€Å"White Man’s Burden† to help justify their colonization of foreign lands. The White Man’s Burden was the idea that as supreme beings, it was the job of the white people to spread their superior ways of living to the inferior people of other places. Britain discovered the Indian sub-continent when it was looking to expand its vast empire. In the mid eighteenth century, India became one of Great Britain’s most important colonies. Great Britain relied heavily on India as a source of raw materials. Britain profited from India’s vast supply of tea and cotton. Beginning in 1757, the East India Company, which was overseen by the British government, ruled India. Britain did benefit from the situation; however, notwithstanding the obvious injustices associated with colonization, India also experienced positive impacts. While Great Britain felt that they were being very generous to the Indian people in colonizing and modernizing the nation, the Indians did not always agree with this. Under British rule, many new roads, railways, and harbors were built, and a telegraph system was created. While the Indians were forced to do much labor in the construction of these things, they were often kept from enjoying and benefiting from the finished products. In fact, the Indian people were treated as second class citizens in their own nation. They were banned from many government positions, and had little rights. They often received lower wages than Europeans working in the same job, and their educations did little for them. The Indians eventually came together to fight against the way that they were treated influenced by the same sense of nationalism that had prompted the British to colonize India more than a century before. After much hard work, India finally gained independence from Great Britain in August 1947; however, although India gained independence all ties with the British nation were not cut. One of the first impacts that colonization had in India was the development of unity. When Britain first acquired India as a colony the country was divided. The British imposed system impacted India by bringing more equality to the country as the caste system which outlined social hierarchy was adapted. It is also significant that Britain accepted all of the religions of India which also allowed unity to prosper. India has also experienced positive impacts from the institution established and then left behind by the colonizers. The institutions established by the British Raj and then inherited by India helped lead to democracy in modern day India. The assistance of these institutions assisted India in becoming the world’s largest democracy today. It is also of note that Britain first introduced India to early capitalism through colonization. Britain transformed India into an agricultural based capitalist economy and established forms of private ownership. These actions led India into creating free trade and competitive business. Today India is the largest provider of services in the world in large part due to colonization; however, it is uncertain if without colonization this would be possible. The Indian population is able to compete in the service sector due to the positive impact of the English language being left behind post British rule. When colonization was occurring in India schools were established which taught and offered instruction in English. It is also of note that the East India Company had a positive impact by establishing some services such as rail throughout the country. The culture of India was also greatly impacted. As the English language spread, indigenous languages were diminished, and the culture, as a whole, began to take on a more European style. Under colonial rule India often depended on Great Britian for such things as technological advances and manufactured goods. Once it became independent, India slowly fell behind the rest of the world, as it had to learn to depend less on other nations and more on itself. India, even today, is considered a third-world country. The nations that were once under colonial rule, such as India, are for the most part the nations that are currently undergoing industrial revolutions. In addition to colonization changing the culture of India, it also affected that of the mother country, Great Britain. Colonization led to an increased diversity of culture in Great Britain. This was because many people from India began to move to Great Britain. Today, Great Britain is still home to many Indian people. The impacts of British colonization were huge and the changes made to India as a nation were great. However, not all of that rich culture was lost. Many of those original religions such as Jainism, Hinduism and Buddhism are still practiced world-wide. Also, even though English is common in education and business, the official language of India today is Hindi. Indians continue to be proud of their culture and traditional Indian buildings, attire, and customs can still be seen throughout the country.

Analyzing The Aggregate Sales Of New Light Vehicles

Abstract This paper offers a new framework for analyzing the aggregate sales of new light vehicles that incorporates cars and light duty trucks. Because this approach requires only a minimal set of assumptions about demographic trends, the state of the economy, consumer preferences, new vehicle prices and repair costs, and vehicle retirements, household income, it is shown to be especially useful as a forecasting tool as well get more insight on the buying behavior of consumers as well as understand why sales of light duty truck is more than that of the cars. This is NADA data that shows the total new light vehicle sales rose by certain percent in 2013. This is a statistical abstract of the United States that has been designed to serve as a guide to understand the motor vehicle sales from 2004 to 2013. Executive Summary This report summarizes the statistical modeling and analysis results associated with the light vehicles sales in United State of America for over ten years. The purpose of this report is to document the data collection and all the corresponding data modeling and inference technique used during the subsequent statistical analyses. The data used was drawn from NADA and the paper gives a concise overview of sales in the cars and light duty trucks. The reports indicate that the total new light vehicle sales rose by seven and a half percent in twenty – thirteen. This paper also develops a forecast if the sales for cars and light duty trucksShow MoreRelatedThe London Program Has Cut Congestion1675 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the charging zone since it was introduced (Transport for London, 2009). As private vehicle traffic has dropped, some road space has been dedicated to transit and other purposes. 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